The Buddha From Dolpo: Difference between revisions

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List of Illustrations

Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen. Brass statue with silver and copper inlaid. 16.5 cm. Kept in the collection of the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, Tibet.(Photo by Ulrich yon Schroeder, Buddhist Sculptures of Tibet , 2 Volumes. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publ., 2000.) View

1.1 The Great Stupa* of Jonang. Built by Dolpopa during the years 1330 to 1333. Extensive damage repaired in recent years. (Photo by Andy Quintman) View

2.1 Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen. Detail of a 15th century painting of the Kalacakra* mandala* . Henss Collection, Zurich. (Photo by Michael Henss) View

Preface and Acknowledgments

This book is the product of a lingering fascination with several topics that have remained largely unexplored by Western students of Tibetan religion and history. When I first began my own study of Tibetan literature in the early 1970s I occasionally came across brief references to an intriguing fourteenth-century figure known as Dolpopa, or the Buddha from Dolpo, and usually hostile descriptions of his unique vision of the nature of reality. The fact that his tradition had been effectively censured by the Tibetan government in the seventeenth century only served to pique my curiosity. My teacher, the late Dezhung Tulku Rinpoche, was at first somewhat reticent to speak about Dolpopa's theories, no doubt in large part due to my obvious lack of the necessary skills to engage in such a discussion. Rinpoche was a peerless example of the nonsectarian approach to realization, and as the years passed I was fortunate to learn from him an appreciation of the wide range of views contained in all the ancient traditions of Tibet, including that of Dolpopa's Zhentong lineage. I am deeply grateful for Dezhung Rinpoche's inspiring example.

While living in Nepal in the 1980s I found a large volume of Dolpopa's miscellaneous writings for sale in the monastery of my teacher, the late Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, who had recently published it in Bhutan. This collection contained both of the texts that I have translated in the present work. I am particularly thankful to Khyentse Rinpoche for personally encouraging me to read Dolpopa's writings.

During the following years in Nepal I continued to be nagged with curiosity about Dolpopa and his ideas, and returned periodically to

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the volume of his writings. Then in 1988 my teacher Chogye Trichen Rinpoche begin teaching the Kalacakra* Six-branch Yoga of Dolpopa's tradition according to the instruction manual written by Jonang Taranatha* . During the next two years Rinpoche taught the Six-branch Yoga in Nepal, Borneo, and the United States, and as his interpreter I had the unique opportunity to study these teachings and have many conversations with him about their practice. I then began to delve more deeply into Taranatha's* other writings, which led me back to Dolpopa, his great predecessor. I am extremely indebted to Chogye Rinpoche for his exceptional kindness, and for sharing his profound insight into the practice of Buddhist tantra.

After my return to the United States in 1991 I gradually began to concentrate on the study of Dolpopa's life and teachings. This became much more feasible with the 1992 publication of Dolpopa's voluminous Collected Works, which had been recovered from eastern Tibet by Professor Matthew Kapstein. In addition, Prof. Leonard van der Kuijp graciously made available to me copies of a number of extremely important rare manuscripts from his own collection, and carefully read through an earlier version of this book. Without access to the works recovered by Professors Kapstein and van der Kuijp a study of this type would have been impossible. I should also like to thank Dr. Jeffrey Schoening for his thoughtful reading of this work, and his many helpful comments and suggestions. The insightful suggestions and references from Mr. Hubert Decleer are also very much appreciated. I am likewise grateful to Professor Collett Cox, Professor Richard Salomon, and Dr. Dan Martin for their helpful readings of an earlier manuscript. Professor John Newman, Professor David Germano, and Dr. Franz-Karl Ehrhard were also very generous with their comments and references. I would also like to thank Khenpo Apey, Guru Lama, Mr. Kurtis Schaeffer, Ms. Marilyn Kennell, Mr. Jérôme Edou, and Mr. Jan-Ulrich Sobisch for providing copies of rare texts, directing me to references, or making editorial suggestions. I am also grateful to Professor David Jackson for his helpful comments and for locating photographs of an old image and painting of Dolpopa. Mr. Michael Henss, Mr. Ulrich von Schroeder, and Mr. Andy Quintman all deserve my thanks for kindly allowing their photographs to be used in this book. And finally, I must acknowledge that much of this work was written under the influence of the divine music of Franz

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List, Frank Zappa, Ludwig van Beethoven, Miles Davis, and Johann Sebastian Bach.

This book is based on my Ph.D. dissertation entitled The Buddha from Dolpo and His Fourth Council" (University of Washington, 1996). However, many corrections, revisions, and additions have been made for the present work, most significantly the study and translation of Dolpopa's A General Commentary on the Doctrine , which was not included in the dissertation.

In the main text of this book all Tibetan names have been phoneticized for the convenience of the reader, but in the annotations the correct Tibetan spellings have been retained. Both forms are listed in the Index. The phonetic rendering of Tibetan words is a problematic area. No great effort has been made here to establish a fixed phonetic system, since this would presuppose a standard pronunciation for terms whose actual pronunciation varies widely in different regions of Tibet. When a passage from an original Tibetan text has been translated from an unpublished manuscript the Tibetan has usually been reproduced in italicized transliteration in the annotations. No attempt has been made to "correct" the spellings found in the original texts. All Sanskrit terms are transliterated in the standard fashion.

I hope that some of the charismatic force of Dolpopa's character may be glimpsed in the following description of his life and ideas, and that this initial attempt to present a small portion of his controversial and inspiring insights will contribute toward further investigations by others in the future. Since even Dolpopa's own Dharma heirs were said to have experienced difficulties in grasping the full range of their master's genius, I am certain the present work is far from perfect. But at least in the eyes of interested students of Buddhism, Dolpopa and his spiritual legacy may now begin to emerge from the long shadows of official Tibetan history.

Introduction

One of the major sources of tension in the interpretation of late Indian Buddhism as it was received in Tibet was the apparently contradictory descriptions of emptiness (sunyata * , stong pa nyid ) found in scriptures and commentaries identified with different phases of the tradition.1 The notion of an enlightened eternal essence, or Buddha-nature (tathagatagarbha* , bde bzhin gshegs pa'i snying po ), present within every living being, was in marked contrast to the earlier traditional Buddhist emphasis on the lack of any enduring essence in sentient beings. For followers of Mahayana* and Vajrayana* Buddhism in Tibet, the interpretation and reconciliation of these two themes in the doctrinal materials they had inherited from India, and elsewhere, was of crucial importance.

In fourteenth-century Tibet the concern with these issues seems to have finally reached a point of critical mass. There was a burst of scholarly works dealing in particular with the question of the Buddha-nature and the attendant implications for the Buddhist traditions of practice and explication. What forces were primarily responsible for the intense interest surrounding these issues at this specific point in Tibetan history is not yet clearly understood. What can be seen is that many of the prominent masters of this period who produced the most influential works on these subjects were both intimately involved in the practice and teaching of the Kalacakra * tantra , and either personally knew each other or had many of the same teachers and disciples. Among the most important of these masters were the third Karmapa hierarch Rangjung Dorje (1284-1339), Budön Rinchen Drup (1290-1364), Dolpopa

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Sherab Gyaltsen (1292-1361), Longchen Rabjampa (1308-1364), Lama Dampa Sönam Gyaltsen (1312-1375), and Barawa Gyaltsen Balzang (1310-1391).2

Without question, the teachings and writings of Dolpopa, who was also known as "The Buddha from Dolpo" (Dol po sangs rgyas), and "The Omniscient One from Dolpo Who Embodies the Buddhas of the Three Times" (Dus gsum sangs rgyas kun mkhyen Dol po pa), contain the most controversial and stunning ideas ever presented by a great Tibetan Buddhist master. The controversies that stemmed from his teachings are still very much alive today among Tibetan Buddhists, more than six hundred years after Dolpopa's death.

When attempting to grasp the nature and significance of Dolpopa's ideas and their impact on Tibetan religious history, it is important to recognize that he was one of the towering figures of fourteenth-century Tibet. He was not a minor figure whose strange notions influenced only the members of his own Jonang tradition, and whose maverick line of hermeneutic thought died out when that tradition was violently suppressed by the central Tibetan government in the middle of the seventeenth century. Although this is perhaps the orthodox version of events, there is, on the other hand, abundant evidence that Dolpopa's legacy spread widely, and had a profound impact on the development of Tibetan Buddhism from the fourteenth century to the present day.

Whenever Dolpopa's name comes up, whether in ancient polemic tracts, or in conversation with modern Tibetan teachers, it is obvious that he is remembered first and foremost for the development of what is known as the Zhentong (gzhan stong ) view. Until quite recently this view has been familiar to modern scholars largely via the intensely critical writings of later doctrinal opponents of Dolpopa and the Jonang school.3 As such, in the absence of the original voice for this view—that is, Dolpopa's extensive writings, which have only been widely available for the last few years—even Dolpopa's name, and the words Jonang and Zhentong , have come to often evoke merely the image of an aberrant and heretical doctrine, which thankfully was purged from the Tibetan Buddhist scene centuries ago.4 In this way an extremely significant segment of Tibetan religious history has been swept under the rug. One of the main aims of the present work is to allow Dolpopa's life and ideas to speak for themselves.

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Dolpopa used the Tibetan term gzhan stong , "empty of other," to describe absolute reality as empty only of other relative phenomena. This view is Dolpopa's primary legacy. And there is always a strong reaction to it, whether positive or negative. Although there were no doubt others before him who held much the same opinion, in both India and Tibet, Dolpopa was the first to come out and directly state what he thought in writing, using terminology which was new and shocking for many of his contemporaries. His new "Dharma language" (chos skad ), which included the use of previously unknown terms such as gzhan stong , empty of other," will be discussed in chapter 2.

In Dolpopa's view the absolute and the relative are both empty, as Buddhism has always proclaimed, but they must be empty in different ways. Phenomena at the relative level (samvrti, kun rdzob ) are empty of self-nature (svabhavasunya* , rang stong ), and are no more real than the fictitious horn of a rabbit, or the child of a barren woman. In contrast, the reality of absolute truth (paramartha* , don dam ) is empty only of other (*parabhava-sunya* , gzhan stong ) relative phenomena, and not itself empty. With the recent availability of a large number of writings by Dolpopa it is now becoming clear that he was not simply setting up the viewpoints of an emptiness of self-nature (rang stong ) and an emptiness of other (gzhan stong ) as opposed theories located on the same level.5 He obviously viewed the pair as complementary, while making the careful distinction that the view of an "emptiness of other" applied only to the absolute, and an 'emptiness of self-nature" only to the relative. Both approaches were essential for a correct understanding of the nature of samsara* and nirvana* . Dolpopa's quarrel was with those who viewed both the absolute and the relative as empty of self-nature (rang stong ), and who refused to recognize the existence of anything which was not empty of self-nature. From this point of view the notion of an emptiness of other relative phenomena (gzhan stong ) did not fit the definition of emptiness.

Dolpopa further identified the absolute with the Buddha-nature (tathagatagarbha * ), which was thus seen to be eternal and not empty of self-nature, but only empty of other. The Buddha-nature is perfect and complete from the beginning, with all the characteristics of a Buddha eternally present in every living being. It is only the impermanent and temporary defilements veiling the Buddha-nature

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that are empty of self-nature, and that must be removed through the practice of a spiritual path in order to allow the ever-present Buddha-nature to manifest in its full splendor.

This view was in accord with many Mahayana* and Vajrayana* scriptures, but most of the scholars in Tibet during Dolpopa's life disagreed with him. They viewed such scriptural statements to be of provisional meaning (neyartha* , drang don ), and in need of interpretation for the true intended meaning to be correctly comprehended. This was, for example, the opinion of the mainstream Sakya tradition, to which Dolpopa belonged before he moved to the monastery of Jonang. As such, for some time Dolpopa tried to keep his teachings secret, realizing that they would be misunderstood and cause great turmoil and uncertainty for those who had closed minds and were accustomed to certain styles of interpretation that differed greatly from his own. Dolpopa often remarked that the majority of buddhas and bodhisattvas agreed with his viewpoint on these issues, but that the majority of scholars in Tibet were opposed to him.6 For instance, the general Sakya position is that the Buddha-nature is present in living beings as a potential, or seed. This seed can be caused to ripen through the various practices of the spiritual path and come to final fruition as perfect buddhahood. If left in a box without any water, light, warmth, soil, and so forth, the seed will never bear fruit. However, if it is planted in the proper soil, receives the right amount of sunlight, water, and so forth, it will grow into a healthy plant and finally bear its fruit. From this viewpoint, the Buddha-nature is a fertile seed in every living being, which has the potential to expand and manifest as a result of spiritual practice but is not complete and perfect already, as Dolpopa maintained.7

In regard to the two truths, the absolute and the relative, Dolpopa saw no difference between speaking of the absolute as totally unestablished and saying that there is no absolute. He asked whether a relative is possible without an absolute, the incidental possible without the primordial, and the entities of existence (dharma, chos ) possible without a true nature (dharmata* , chos nyid ). If, he asked, their existence is possible without an absolute, then would those relative, incidental entities of existence themselves not constitute an omnipresent reality or true nature? There would, in such a situation, be nothing else. This, of course, is an unacceptable conclusion, and Dolpopa's doctrinal opponents would

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have to respond by saying that everything is not the relative, for there is of course an absolute truth as well. But, Dolpopa would respond, if it is impossible for there to be no absolute, does that not contradict the notion of an absolute which is totally unestablished?8 Everything cannot be simply empty of self-nature, for then there would be no difference between the absolute and the relative. As Dolpopa stated in his autocommentary to The Fourth Council (Bka' bsdu bzhi pa ):

Why is the realization that everything is empty of self-nature not the same as no realization? Why is the explanation of everything as empty of self-nature not the same as no explanation? Why is writing that everything is empty of self-nature not the same as not writing?9

Dolpopa saw the only solution to these sorts of problems to be the acceptance of the absolute as a true, eternal, and veridically established reality, empty merely of extraneous relative phenomena.

Descriptions of reality, or the Buddha-nature, in these terms are common in a number of scriptures which the Tibetan tradition places in the Third Turning of the Dharma Wheel,10 and in the Buddhist tantras. Nevertheless, no one before Dolpopa in Tibet had ever simply said that absolute reality was not empty of self-nature. This was what caused all the trouble. In answer to the objections of his opponents, Dolpopa noted that his teachings, and the Dharma language (chos skad ) he was using, were indeed new, but only in the sense that they were not well-known in Tibet. This was because they had come from the realm of Shambhala to the north, where they had been widespread from an early date.11 He explicitly linked his ideas to the Kalacakra * tantra and its great commentary, the Vimalaprabha * , composed by the Shambhala emperor Kalkin Pundarika* , which were not translated into Tibetan until the early eleventh century. Dolpopa clearly felt that earlier interpreters of the Ka1acakra* literature had not fully comprehended its profound meaning. As will be discussed in the first chapter, he even ordered a new revised translation of the Kalacakra * tantra and the Vimalaprabha * , for the purpose of making the definitive meaning (nitartha* , nges don ) more accessible to Tibetan scholars and practitioners. In this respect he was attempting through a revised translation to

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remove the results of accumulated mistaken presuppositions that had informed the earlier translations in Tibet, and thus provided the basis for many erroneous opinions concerning the true meaning of the Kalacakra .12

The views of Dolpopa and the Jonang tradition, and their influence in Tibet, have attracted only modest attention in the published research of modern scholars. D. S. Ruegg has touched upon these topics more than anyone else, although usually from the viewpoint of the determined Geluk and Zhalu opponents of the Jonang position. M. Kapstein has both summarized the life of Dolpopa and briefly discussed his ideas in his recent catalogue to the newly discovered collection of Dolpopa's complete works. S. Hookham has studied the Zhentong approach to the interpretation of the Uttaratantra , and M. Broido has very briefly outlined some of Dolpopa's views on Madhyamaka as found in Dolpopa's major work, The Ocean of Definitive Meaning (Nges don rgya mtsho ).13 Until now there has been no detailed study of Dolpopa's life and the Zhentong tradition in Tibet, nor any translations of his major works.

The following work is divided into two parts. Part 1 deals with Dolpopa's life and teachings. In chapter 1 Dolpopa's life is discussed in a more complete fashion then has been the case to date. This has been made possible by the recent publication of one full-length Tibetan biography of Dolpopa and the recovery of another unpublished manuscript biography, both by direct disciples who witnessed much of what they describe. Numerous other Tibetan sources have also been utilized for this discussion. The presentation of a somewhat detailed version of Dolpopa's life provides essential background for an appreciation of his spiritual and intellectual development and his personal character, as well as his tremendous influence in fourteenth-century Tibet.

Chapter 2 provides a summary of the historical development of the Zhentong tradition in Tibet. Some of the earlier Tibetan precedents for the view of ultimate reality as an emptiness only of other relative phenomena are briefly discussed. Dolpopa's unique use of language and the major influences on his development of the Zhentong theory are presented in some detail. The fate of the Jonang tradition after Dolpopa is described, as well as the significance of several of the most important adherents to the Zhentong view from the fourteenth through the twentieth centuries.

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Chapter 3 is a discussion of Dolpopa's view of the nature of absolute reality as empty of phenomena other than itself (gzhan stong ), and of the relative as empty of self-nature (rang stong ). In connection with these ideas, there is also a discussion of Dolpopa's attempt to redefine the views of Cittamatra* and Madhyamaka in Tibet, and his own definition of what constitutes the tradition of the Great Madhyamaka (*mahamadhyamaka* , dbu ma chen po ). Finally, there is a brief presentation of two opposing views of what actually brings about enlightenment. Dolpopa maintained that enlightenment occurs only when the vital winds (vayu* , rlung ) normally circulating through numerous subtle channels in the body are drawn into the central channel (avadhuti* ) through the practice of tantric yoga. He strongly objected to the view that enlightenment could be achieved merely through a recognition of the nature of the mind, without the necessity for the accumulation of the assemblies of merit and gnosis through the practice of the spiritual path. These topics are discussed with the intention of providing the reader with background information necessary for an understanding of the following translations.

Part 2 contains the first translations of two major works by Dolpopa, both originally composed in verse. The first work is A General Commentary on the Doctrine (Bstan pa spyi 'grel ), one of the earliest texts composed by Dolpopa to present his unique vision of the entire structure of the Buddhist tradition.14 An introduction to the translation will discuss the circumstances of the composition and the reasons for its significance. The translation of A General Commentary on the Doctrine is annotated from the detailed commentary by Nyaön Kunga Bal (1285-1379), who was one of Dolpopa's most important disciples.15 The second translation is of a work entitled The Fourth Council (Bka' bsdu bzhi pa ).16 The circumstances surrounding the actual composition of the text at the request of the Sakya hierarch Lama Dampa Sönam Gyaltsen are discussed in the introduction to the translation. The Fourth Council itself was composed in the last years of Dolpopa's life, and may be viewed as a final verse summation of the ideas he considered most important. The entire text of his own condensed commentary (bsdus don 'grel pa ) on the work is included here with the translation. Annotations to the translation are drawn from a number of sources, but particularly from Dolpopa's own autocommentary (rang 'grel ) to The Fourth Council .

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Part One—The Life and Teachings of the Omniscient Dolpopa

File:BdFrDo2.jpg

Figure 1.1
The Great Stupa* of Jonang. Built by Dolpopa during the years 1330 to 1333.
Extensive damage repaired in recent years.
(Photo by Andy Quintman)

Chapter One—The Life of the Buddha from Dolpo

The Buddhist tradition is steeped in the marvelous. Belittled by some schools and exaggerated by others, the marvelous is ubiquitous. We have accepted it as such without attempting to eliminate it in the name of western rationalism. To disregard it would be to offer the reader a caricature of Buddhism and still not attain historical truth. It is not enough to discard the legend in order to discern the reality of the facts. By leaving the marvelous the place it has always occupied in the sources, we believe we have given a more faithful image of the mentality of the Buddha's disciples. And it is this mentality which is the true object of our research and not a fleeting and elusive historical certainty. —History of Indian Buddhism, É. Lamotte1

In the year 1309 a seventeen-year-old novice monk ran away from home in the Dolpo area of present-day Nepal and endured a harrowing journey north to the region of Mustang (Glo) in quest of spiritual guidance from a great Buddhist master. No one could have imagined that in less than twenty years he would be enthroned as the leader of Jonang monastery in the Tibetan province of Tsang, where he would soon construct the largest stupa* temple (sku 'bum ) ever seen in Tibet, and proclaim his vision of the nature of reality in a series of treatises that would rock the Tibetan Buddhist world. As an indispensable foundation for understanding Dolpopa's ideas and influence, the first thing that is required is a clear picture of his life and the cultural environment in which he lived.2 Fortunately, two primary sources provide us with crucial information. These are the biographies of Dolpopa composed by two of his main disciples, Gharungwa Lhey Gyaltsen (1319-1401)

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and Kunpang Chödrak Balzang (1283-1363), both of whom were witnesses to many of the events they describe and who record Dolpopa's own statements about his life and experiences. Later sketches of Dolpopa's life in historical works by Jetsun Taranatha* (1575-1635) and Mangtö Ludrup Gyantso (1523-1596) also supply interesting material, although they are sometimes at odds with the earlier sources.3

Childhood and Early Education

In 1292 Dolpopa was born into a clan that practiced the tantric tradition of the Nyingma, especially the cycles connected with the deity Vajrakilaya* , of which he became an expert as a boy.4 As early as 1297, when he was only five years old, he received the initiation of Red Manjusri* , and in meditation was graced by a vision of the deity, from whom he is said to have gained great powers of discriminating awareness.5 After receiving ordination as a novice monk in 1304, when he was twelve years old, he had the strong desire to study the sutras* on the perfection of transcendent knowledge (prajnparamita* ) and the treatises on logical reasoning (pramana* ), but there was no institute for their study in his home region. These subjects were the specialty of the Sakya tradition, which was not as strong as the Nyingma school in Dolpopa's homeland. He had by this time met and received teachings and tantric initiations, such as The Rosary Trilogy ('Phreng ba skor gsum ) of the Indian master Abhayakaragupta, from Gyidön Jamyang Trakpa Gyaltsen, a Sakya teacher who would become one of his two most important spiritual masters. Overcome with faith in his teacher, Dolpopa wished to follow Gyidön to Mustang but was prevented by his parents, who insisted that he study the tantras of the Nyingma tradition.

In 1309, when Dolpopa was seventeen, he fled alone in secret, without the permission of his parents, and after enduring great hardships, arrived in the presence of the master Gyidön in upper Mustang. There he received many teachings, such as the treatises on the sutras* concerned with the perfection of transcendent knowledge (prajnaparamita * ), the manuals on logical reasoning (pramana * ), and the texts on cosmology and psychology (abhidharraa ). After only a month of intense study Dolpopa quickly mastered the specific Dharma language (ehos skad ) associated with each of those genres

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of Buddhist learning and was able to enter into informed discussions, thereby attracting attention for the first time.6 At that point Gyidön received an urgent message from his uncle Shakya Bum, insisting that he come to the great monastery of Sakya, in the Tibetan province of Tsang, where he was teaching.7 Gyidön assured his sponsors and students in Mustang that he would soon return and left for Sakya, which was at that time the most prestigious center of learning in Tibet.8 In the meantime Dolpopa continued his studies in Mustang under two other learned masters.

Chapter Two—A Historical Survey of the Zhentong Tradition in Tibet

This advice by the Omniscient Dolpopa should be kept as the essential point in our hearts: "If buddhahood will be reached merely as a result of having heard the word 'Buddha-nature,' what need to mention what will happen from actualizing it by means of faith and devotion, and meditating upon it? Therefore, compassionate experts should teach it even though they may lose their lives, and so forth, and those who strive for liberation should seek it out and listen to it even though they must cross through a great pit of fire." —Jamgön Kongdrul1

Very little is known about the early Tibetan proponents of philosophical points of view which would later come to be known as Zhentong (gzhan stong ). According to Lhey Gyaltsen, many persons with partial realization of the teachings of definitive meaning had appeared in Tibet before the fourteenth century, most of them serious meditators, but no one until Dolpopa had mastered all the teachings of definitive meaning found in the various scriptures, treatises, and esoteric instructions, and then formulated that realization into a coherent philosophical system2 Taranatha* traces a transmission lineage for what he refers to as "the instructions on the view of the Zhentong Middle Way," as well as a separate lineage for the transmission of the Kalacakra* teachings passed down in the Jonang tradition.3 The first of these lists is concerned with the transmission of the practical instructions which epitomize the intentions of all the sutras* and commentaries of the Third Turning of the Dharma Wheel. This lineage is primarily traced

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through Maitreya and the Indian brothers Asanga* and Vasubandhu, who are considered to be the originators of the doctrine, but another list is also given for the transmission from Nagarjuna* .4 This text may be considered a record of the names of teachers who taught the Zhentong view based upon the teachings of the Mahayana* scriptures and commentaries. Taranatha's* second text, concerned with the lineage of the Kalacakra* as transmitted in the Jonang school, may be considered a record of the names of teachers who taught the Zhentong view based upon the teachings found in the tantras, and specifically as articulated in the Kalacakra* tantra and the related literature. Examples of the teachings of only one Tibetan master in each of these lineages before the time of Dolpopa are available at the present time.

The Zhentong Tradition in Tibet before Dolpopa

Read

Dolpopa and the Zhentong View

Read

The Zhentong Tradition after Dolpopa

Read

Chapter Three—The Doctrine of the Buddha from Dolpo

Existence and nirvana* are not identical, but like a shadow and the sun. —Bhagavan* Avalokitesvara* 1

The title alone of Dolpopa's The Great Calculation of the Doctrine Which Has the Significance of a Fourth Council (Bka' bsdu bzhi pa'i don bstan rtsis chen po ) would have been enough to rankle those who were opposed to his interpretations of Buddhist Doctrine. In Tibet it was universally accepted that there had been three great councils (bka' bsdu ) in India for the purpose of gathering and accurately preserving the teachings of the Buddha after his final nirvana* .2 Dolpopa's audacious claim that his text served as a fourth such council would obviously have provoked incredulous reactions among many of his contemporaries. That he anticipated certain objections is clear from the following comments at the end of his autocommentary to The Fourth Council :

Having realized that the Doctrine of the Buddha remains in a superior, a middling, and an inferior [form, it is realized that] the superior is the Krtayuga* Dharma, which is the witness and authority. The middling is the Tretayuga Dharma and the inferior is the Dvaparayuga* Dharma. Those two are not witnesses. This realization by the great experts who stand guard over the Doctrine is very important.

To establish the path of perfect view, meditation, and conduct after cleansing the flawless Doctrine of flaws which have

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been mixed in, and contamination which has been imposed by the flawed intellects of ordinary persons, is also the purpose of a council. There were three councils before, and this is the fourth. It is also a great calculation of the Doctrine.3 It is called impartial and unbiased because all the faithful respect, pure vision, expressions of disagreement, appeals,. love, compassion, and so forth, remain impartial and unbiased, without falling into any prejudice.

Objection: While it is known that many arhats [destroyers of the enemy] gathered for the previous councils, here the gathering is just to destroy [your] enemies.

[Reply:] In the sublime Krtayuga* teachings there are many thousands of profound quotations by the great arhat, the Blessed One, the Buddha, which very clearly present the meaning of this. Since those [quotations] are the same as the [actual presence of] the great arhat, this has been compiled according to his tradition.

Future compilers please also do likewise, and if there is disagreement in regard to the interpretation of the quotations, please use the autocommentaries of the Buddha himself as witnesses.4

In addition to clarifying the meaning of the title of his text, these remarks also touch upon the first major point raised by Dolpopa in The Fourth Council itself. In this work, and many of his earlier compositions as well, Dolpopa speaks of a fourfold division of the Buddhist teachings according to four eons (yuga ). Basing himself upon the teachings of the Vimalaprabha * , Dolpopa mentions two sets of four eons (yuga ), the first of which is the greater, referring to the quality of the eons which make up a cosmic age (kalpa ), while the lesser set refers to the quality of the different periods of the Buddhist teachings.5 In the autocommentary he states his criteria for this classification, and makes it obvious that he is speaking of a doxographical scheme in regard to the eons of the Doctrine. This has recently been noted by M. Kapstein, who has said that Dolpopa was "allocating philosophical doctrines to 'aeons' according to purely dogomatic criteria."6 According to Dolpopa, the teachings of the perfect Krtayuga are those which apply directly to the truth just as it is, whereas the teachings which belong to the Tretayuga,

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Dvaparayuga* , and Kaliyuga are progressively contaminated and filled with flaws, due to the nature of the individuals who have composed them. Thus the Krtayuga teachings are the only ones which should be regarded as valid testimonies to the enlightened intentions of the Buddha.7

This classification of the historical degeneration of the Buddhist teachings is indeed found in full form in the Vimalaprabha * , primarily in the section of commentary upon verses 22 and 23 of the Lokadhatupatala* of the Kalacakra * tantra .8 Budön's annotations to these passages make it clear that Dolpopa was not here making any innovative interpretations of the original treatise.9 What is less clear is what the Vimalaprabha * and Dolpopa both consider to be the teachings of the Krtayuga. As indicated by quotations found throughout his writings, Dolpopa certainly considered the Krtayuga Dharma to include many, if not all of the highest tantras, as well as The Trilogy of Bodhisattva Commentaries, The Ten Sutras * on the Buddha-nature, The Ten Sutras * of Definitive Meaning ,10 and the works of Maitreya, Nagarjuna* , Vasubandhu, Asanga, Naropa* , and Saraha. AS Kapstein has mentioned, Dolpopa seems to have considered Ãrya Vimuktisena, Haribhadra, Yasomitra* , and other late Indian masters to represent the Tretayuga.11

It will become obvious in the translation of The Fourth Council in part 2 that Dolpopa identified his own tradition with the teachings of those scriptures and writers which he viewed as truly portraying the Krtayuga tradition. This was also a motivating factor behind his wish to redefine what had until his time been accepted as the orthodox lines of scriptural interpretation in Tibet.

Emptiness of Self-Nature and Emptiness of Other

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A Redefinition of Cittamatra* and Madhyamaka

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Two Approaches to Enlightenment

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Part Two—Texts in Translation

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Introduction to the Translation of A General Commentary on the Doctrine

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The Supplication Entitled A General Commentary on the Doctrine

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Introduction to the Translation of The Fourth Council

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The Great Calculation of the Doctrine Which Has the Significance of a Fourth Council

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Notes

175

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Dgra 'dul dbang po, 'Dar stod. Tha snyad rig gnas lnga ji ltar byung ba'i tshul gsal bar byed pablo gsal mgrin rgyan legs bshad nor bu'i phreng ba. In Bstan rtsis gsal ba'i nyin byed dang tha snyad rig gnas lnga'i byung tshul, pp. 253-322. Lhasa: Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang, 1987.

'Gos lo Gzhon nu dpal. Deb ther sngon po. 2 vols. Chengdu: Mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 1984.

Rgyal ba ye shes. Kun spangs chos rje'i rnam thar yon tan rab gsal. Beijing: Cultural Palace of Nationalities, ms., 40 fols.

Ngag gi dbang po. Khyab bdag 'khor lo'i mgon po rje btsun dam pablo bzang bstan pa'i rgyal mtshan gyi rnam thar skal bzang dad pa'i shing rta. In Life and Works of Jibcundampa I, pp. 267-409. New Delhi: International Acadamy of Indian Culture, Sata* -pitaka* Series, vol. 294, 1982.

Ngag dbang blo gros grags pa. Dpal ldan jo nang pa'i chos 'byung rgyal ba'i chos tshul gsal byed zla ba'i sgron me. Koko Nor: Krung go'i bod kyi shes rig dpe skrun khang, 1992.

Ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho, Ta la'i bla ma V. Za hor gyi ban de ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho'i 'di snang 'khrul ba'i rol rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du ku* la'i gos bzang las glegs barn dang po. Lhasa: Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang, 1989.

———. Zab pa dang rgya che ba'i dam pa'i chos kyi thob yig gangga* 'i chu rgyun las glegs bam bzhi pa, vol. 4. Delhi: Nechung and Lakhar, 1971.

———. Rigs dang dkyil 'khor kun gyi khyab bdag rdo rje 'chang blo gsal rgya mtsho grags pa rgyal mtshan dpal bzang po'i rnam par thar pa slob bshad bstan pa'i nyi 'od. In Lam-'bras slob-bshad, vol. 2, pp. 399-637. Dehra Dun: Sakya Centre, 1983.

———. Lha ldan sprul pa'i gtsug lag khang gi dkar chag shel dkar me long. Lhasa: Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang, 1987.

Chos kyi rgya mtsho, Kah* thog Si tu. Gangs ljongs dbus gtsang gnas bskor lain yig nor bu zla shel gyi se mo do. Tashijong: Sungrab Nyamso Gyunphel Parkhang, 1972.

Chos kyi dbang phyug, Brag dkar rta so sprnl sku. Dpal rig 'dzin chen po rdo rje tshe dbang nor bu'i zhabs kyi rnam par thar pa'i cha shas brjod pa ngo mtshar dad pa'i rol mtsho. In The Collected Works (Gsung 'bum)

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Chos kyi 'byung gnas, Si tu pan* chen (with 'Be lo Tshe dbang kun khyab). Bsgrub brgyud karma karo tshang brgyud pa rin po che'i ram par thar pa rab 'byams nor bu zla ba chu shel gyi pheng ba, vol. 1. New Delhi: D. Gyaltsan and K. Legshay, 1972.

———. Ta'i si tur 'bod pa karma bstan pa'i nyin byed kyi rang tshul drangs por brjod pa dri bral shel gyi me long. Published as The Autobiography & Diaries of Si-tu Pan * -chen. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture, 1968.

'Jam mgon Kong sprul, Blo gros mtha' yas. Theg pa'i sgo kun las btus pa gsung rab rin po che'i mdzod bslab pa gsum legs par ston pa'i bstan bcos shes bya kun khyab. 3 vols. Beijing: Mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 1982.

———. Rnal 'byor bla na med pa'i rgyud sde rgya mtsho'i snying po bsdus pa zab mo hang gi don nyung ngu'i tshig gis rnam par 'grol ba zab don snang byed. Rumtek: 1970.

———. Gzhan stong dbu ma chen po'i lta khrid rdo rje zla ba dri ma reed pa'i 'od zer. In The Collected Works of 'Jam-mgon Kong-sprul (Rgya chen bka' mdzod), vol. 8, pp. 581-611. Paro: Ngodup, 1976.

'Jam mgon A reyes zhabs Ngag dbang kun dga' bsod nams. Chos rje dpal ldan bla ma dam pas lam 'bras gsung dus kyi gnad kyi zin bris rgyal khang blo gros seng ges mdzad pa zhib tu bshad pa sbas pa mig 'byed. Ms., 16 fols.

———. Dpal rdo rje nag po chen po'i zab mo'i chos skor rnams byung ba'i tshul legs par bshad pa bstan stung chos kun gsal ba'i nyin byed. 2 vols. New Delhi: T. G. Dhongthog Rinpoche, 1979·

'Jam dbyangs mkhyen brtse'i dbang po. Gzhan stong dbu ma'i rnam gzhag snying por dril ba. In The Collected Works (Gsung 'bum) of the Great 'Jam-dbyangs mkhyen-brtse'i dbang-po, vol. 6, pp. 214-21. Gangtok: 1977.

'Jam dbyangs mkhyen brtse'i dbang phyug. Rje btsun rdo rje 'chang sgo rum pa chen po kun dga' legs pa'i blo gros rgyal mtshan dpal bzang po'i rigs sngags kyi rtogs pa brjod pa'i gtam ngo mtshar yid bzhin gyi chu gter bzhad pa. In Lam-'bras slob-bshad, vol. 2, pp. 249-397. Dehra Dun: Sakya Centre, 1983·

———. Gdams ngag byung tshul gyi zin bris gsang chen bstan pa rgyas byed ces bya ba kha'u brag rdzong pa'i bzhed pa ma nor ba ban rgan mkhyen brtse'i nyams len. In Lam-'bras slob-bshad, vol. 14, pp. 1-154. Dehra Dun: Sakya Centre, 1983.

———. Bla marin po che mkhan chen pa'i rnam thar ngo mtshar snye ma zhes bya ba sgro bkur dang bral zhing yid ches la dgod bro ba zhig. In Lam-'bras slob-bshad, vol. 3, pp. 1-250. Dehra Dun: Sakya Centre, 1983.

'Jam dbyangs chos kyi blo gros. Khyab bdag bla ma 'khor lo'i mgon po padma ye shes rdo rje'i gsang ba'i rnam thar gyi cha shas dad gsum pad

dkar bzhad pa'i nyin byed. In The Complete Works of Rdzong-gsar mkhyen-brtse rin-po-che 'Jam-dbyangs chos-kyi blo-gros, vol. 8. Gangtok: Sherab Gyaltsen, 1985.

Nya dbon Kun dga' dpal. Bstan bcos mngon par rtogs pa'i rgyan 'grel pa dang bcas pa'i rgyas 'grel bshad sbyar yid kyi mun sel. New Delhi: Ngawang Sopa, 1978·

———. Bstan pa spyi 'grel zhes bya ba'i gsol 'debs kyi rnam bshad dgongs pa rnam gsal yid kyi mun sel. Beijing: Cultural Palace of Nationalities, ms., 53 fols.

Taranatha* , Jo nang rje btsun. Khrid brgya'i brgyud pa'i lo rgyus kha skong. In Gdams ngag mdzod, vol. 12, pp. 341-58. Delhi: N. Lungtok and N. Gyaltsen, 1972.

———. 'Khyog po ri khrod kyi gnas bshad. Kathmandu: National Archives. Xylograph, 3 fols.

———. Dge bshes dpal ldan shakya bstan 'dzin gyi dris lan gnad kyi gsal byed. In The Collected Works of Jo-nang rje-btsun Taranatha, vol. 13, pp. 511-65. Leh: Smanrtsis Shesrig Dpemdzod, 1983.

———. Rgyal khams pa ta * ra na * thas bdag nyid kyi rnam thar nges par brjod pa'i deb ther / shin tu zhib mo ma bcos lhug pa'i rtogs brjod. Paro: Ngodrup and Sherab Drimay, 1978.

———. Mthar thug dbu ma chen po 'jig rten 'jig rten 'das pa'i chos thams cad kyi gnad bstan bcos yid bzhin nor bu lta bu snying po nges pa zhes bya ba grub mtha'i mthar thug. In The Collected Works of Jo-nang rje-btsun Taranatha * , vol. 4, pp. 825-45. Leh: Smanrtsis Shesrig Dpemdzod, 1983.

———. Rdo rje'i rnal 'byor gyi 'khrid yig mthong ba don ldan gyi lhan thabs 'od brgya 'bar. In The Collected Works of Jo-nang rje-btsun Taranatha * , vol. 3, pp. 447-805. Leh: Smanrtsis Shesrig Dpemdzod, 1983.

———. Dpal dus kyi 'khor lo'i chos bskor gyi byung khungs nyer mkho. In The Collected Works of Jo-nang rje-btsun Taranatha * , vol. 2, pp. 1-43. Leh: Smanrtsis Shesrig Dpemdzod, 1983.

Myang yul stod smad bar gsum gyi ngo mtshar gtam gyi legs bshad mkhas pa'i 'jug ngogs. Lhasa: Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang, 1983.

———. Gzhan stong snying po. In The Collected Works of Jo-nang rj-ebtsun Taranatha * , vol. 4, pp. 491-514. Leh: Smanrtsis Shesrig Dpemdzod, 1983.

———. Gzhan stong dbu ma'i rgyan. In The Collected Works of Jo-nang rje-btsun Taranatha, vol. 4, pp. 797-824. Leh: Smanrtsis Shesrig Dpemdzod, 1983.

———. Gzhan stong dbu ma'i rgyan gyi lung sbyor. In The Collected Works of Jo-nang rje-btsun Taranatha * , vol. 4, pp. 515-54. Leh: Smanrtsis Shesrig Dpemdzod, 1983.

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———. Zab don nyer gcig pa. In The Collected Works of Jo-nang rje-bteun Taranatha * , vol. 4, pp. 781-95 Leh: Smanrtsis Shesrig Dpemdzod, 1983.

———. Zab mo gzhan stong dbu ma'i brgyud 'debs. In The Collected Works of Jo-nang rje-btsun Taranatha * , vol. 4, pp. 483-89. Leh: Smanrtsis Shesrig Dpemdzod, 1983.

———. Zab lain rdo rje'i rnal 'byor gyi 'khrid yig mthong ba don ldan. In The Collected Works of Jo-nang rje-btsun Taranatha * , vol. 3, pp. 345-446. Leh: Smanrtsis Shesrig Dpemdzod, 1983.

———. Gsang ba'i rnam thar. In The Collected Works of Jo-nang rje-btsun Taranatha * , vol. 1, pp. 673-84. Leh: Smanrtsis Shesrig Dpemdzod, 1983.

———. Gsang ba'i rnam thar. In The Collected Works of Jo-nang rje-btsun Taranatha * , vol. 1, pp. 655-73. Leh: Smanrtsis Shesrig Dpemdzod, 1983.

———. Untitled. In The Collected Works of Jo-nang rje-btsun Taranatha * , vol. 4, pp. 481-82. Leh: Smanrtsis Shesrig Dpemdzod, 1983.

Bstan pa'i rgyal mtshan, Gshong chen. Rje btsun rin po che inkhas btsun bstan pa'i rgyal mtshan dpal bzang po'i dgongs bzhed dbu ma chen po'i grub mtha'. In The Collected Works (Gsung 'bum) of Thang-stong rgyal-po, vol. 3, pp. 411-15. Thimphu: Kunsang Topgey, 1976.

Thu'u bkwan Blo bzang chos kyi nyi ma. Thu'u bkwan grub mtha'. Kansu: Mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 1984.

Dol po pa Shes rab rgyal mtshan. Kun mkhyen chen pos mdzad pa'i gshag 'byed bsdus pa. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 5, pp. 435-71. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Kun gzhi rab dbye. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 5, pp. 349-52. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Kun gzhi'i rab tu dbye ba khyad par du 'phags pa. In The Collected Works ( Gsung 'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan (1292-1361): Reproduced from the copies of prints from the Rgyal-rtse Rdzong blocks preserved at the Kyichu Monastery in the Paro Valley, Bhutan, vol. 1, 105-33. Paro/Delhi: Lama Ngodrup and Sherab Drimay, 1984.

———. Bka' bsdu bzhi pa'i don gtan tshigs chen po. In The Collected Works (Gsung 'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan (1292-1361): Reproduced from the copies of prints from the Rgyal-rtse Rdzong blocks preserved at the Kyichu Monastery in the Paro Valley, Bhutan, vol. 1, pp. 363-417. Paro/Delhi: Lama Ngodrup and Sherab Drimay, 1984.

———. Bka bsdus bzhi pa'i don bstan rtsis chen po. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 5, pp. 207-52. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Bka' bsdus bzhi pa'i don bstan rtsis chen po phyogs med ris med ces bya ba'i 'grel pa. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works

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———. Bka' bsdus bzhi pa'i bsdus don 'grel pa. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 5, pp. 253-68. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992·

———. Bka' bsdu bzhi pa'i rang 'grel. In The Collected Works (Gsung 'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan (1292-1361): Reproduced from the copies of prints from the Rgyal-rtse Rdzong blocks preserved at the Kyichu Monastery in the Paro Valley, Bhutan, vol. 1, pp. 585-665. Paro/Delhi: Lama Ngodrup and Sherab Drimay, 1984·

———. Bka' mdo rgyud zab mo kun gyi spyi 'grel gcig shes kun grol. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 5, pp. 331-34. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Ngo sprod khyad 'phags. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 1, pp. 605-22. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Chos kyi sgo chen mang du 'byed pa'i thabs mchog. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 5, pp. 123-206. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992·

———. Chos dbyings duma ro cig bde gshegs snying po'i yon tan can gyi redo sde. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 5, pp. 739-55. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992·

———. Mchod rten dpal yon can la bstod pa byin rlabs kyi gter chen. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 2, pp. 836-38. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Mchod rten bzhengs tshul la bstod pa 'khor ba dong sprug. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 2, pp. 831-36. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992·

———. Jo bo ri pa bla ma dkon mchog mgon gyi zhu lan. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 2, pp. 705-38. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Nye gnas dad pa seng ge la gdams pa. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 1, pp. 631-35. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992·

———. Nye gnas sang rin la gdams pa. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 1, pp. 635-41. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

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———. Lta bashan 'byed yid kyi mun sel. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 5, pp. 789-810. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Stong nyid kyi rab tu dbye ba khyad 'phags. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 5, pp. 354-65. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992·

———. Ston pa grub bzang la gdams pa. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 1, pp. 649-58. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992·

———. Bstan pa spyi 'grel zhes bya ba'i gsol 'debs. In The Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan (1292-1361): Reproduced from the copies of prints from the Rgyal-rtse Rdzong blocks preserved at the Kyichu Monastery in the Paro Valley, Bhutan, vol. 1, 686-94. Paro/Delhi: Lama Ngodrup and Sherab Drimay, 1984.

———. Bstan pa spyi 'grel zhes bya ba'i gsol 'debs. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 1, pp. 494-501. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992·

———. Bden gnyis gsal ba'i nyi ma. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 5, pp. 811-49. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992·

———. Dpal yongs grub dgu'i bshad pa khyad 'phags g.yu rnying lta bu. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 4, pt. 1, pp. 111-40. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992·

———. Dpon byang ba'i phyag tu phul ba'i chos kyi shan 'byed. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 5, pp. 473-702. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. 'Phags pa shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa khri brgyad stong pa. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 4, pt. 1, pp. 1-71. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992·

———. 'Phags pa shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa khri brgyad stong pa'i mchan bu. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 11-602. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992·

———. 'Phags pa shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa stong phrag nyi shu lnga pa'i bshad pa. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 3, pt. 2, pp. 603-1022. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Bla ma yon tan rgya mtsho'i rnam thar dngos grub 'byung gnas. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of

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———. Dbu ma'i man ngag khyad 'phags. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 2, pp. 1171-81. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Zhing mchog sham bha la'i bstod pa. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 2, pp. 853-61. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Zhu don gnang ba. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 5, pp. 343-46. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Gzhon nu don grub la gdams pa. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 2, pp. 679-83. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Rang rig rang gsal gyi rab tu dbye ba. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 5, pp. 381-401. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992·

———. Ri chos nges don rgya mtsho zhes bya ba'i bstan bcos dang bsdus don. Bir: D. Tsondu Senghe, 1984.

———. Lo tsa * ba shes rab rin chen gyi zhus len. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 2, pp. 771-74. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Shes rab bla ma la gdams pa. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 1, pp. 623-31. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Srid mi srid kyi rab dbye. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-rotsban, vol. 5, pp. 367-79. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Gsung rab spyi'i dkar chag. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 5, pp. 348-49. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Lha rje tshul khrirns 'od la gdams pa. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 2, pp. 668-79. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Untitled. In The Collected Works (Gsung 'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan (1292-1361): Reproduced from the copies of prints from the Rgyal-rtse Rdzong blocks preserved at the Kyichu Monastery in the Paro Valley, Bhutan, vol. 1, pp. 850-54. Paro/Delhi: Lama Ngodrup and Sherab Drimay, 1984.

Gdong thog Theg mchog bstan pa'i rgyal rotshan. Pandi * ta chen po sha* kya mchog ldan dri reed legs pa'i blo gros kyi gsung rab rin po che par du bskrun pa'i tshul las brtsams pa'i gleng ba bstan pa'i nyi gzhon yid srubs sprin las grol ba'i dga' ston tshangs pa'i bzhad sgra. Thimphu: Kunzang Tobgey, 1976.

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Padma dkar po, 'Brug chen. Chos 'byung bstan pa'i padma rgyas pa'i nyin byed. Lhasa: Bod ljongs bod yig dpe rnying dpe skrun khang, 1992.

———. Mchog gi dang po'i sangs rgyas rnam par phye ba gsang ba thams cad bshad pa'i mdzod. In The Collected Works of Kun-mkhyen Padma dkar-po, vol. 13, pp. 1-533. Darjeeling: Kargyud Sungrab Nyamso Khang, 1974·

———. Seres dpa' chen po padma dkar po'i rnam thar thugs rje chen po'i zlos gar. In The Collected Works of Kun-mkhyen Padma dkar-po, vol. 3, pp. 330-597. Darjeeling: Kargyud Sungrab Nyamso Khang, 1973.

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———. Thams cad mkhyen pa bu ston rin po che'i gsung tab thor bu ba. In The Collected Works of Bu-ston, pt. 26, pp. 143-346. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture, 1971.

———. Bla ma dam pa rnams kyis rjes su bzung ba'i tshul bka' drin rjes su dran par byed pa. In The Collected Works of Bu-ston, pt. 26, pp. 1-142. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture, 1971.

———. Gtsang chu mig ring mo'i mkhan po dkon mchog dpal gyis zhus lan tudor bsdus pa. (Title taken from the colophon.) In The Collected Works of Bu-ston, pt. 26, pp. 53-56. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture, 1971.

'Ba' ra ba Rgyal mtshan dpal bzang po. Skyes mchog chen po 'ba' ra bas/ kun mkhyen dol bu'i bu chen brgyad la lan phyogs cig du btab pa nyi ma'i 'od zer. In A Tibetan Encyclopedia of Buddhist Scholasticism, vol. 11, pp. 637-709. Dehradun, 1970.

———. Skyes inchog 'ba' ra bas mdzad pa'i / kun gzhi'i rnam shes dang/ ye shes kyi rnam bzhag. In A Tibetan Encyclopedia of Buddhist Scholasticism, vol. 11, pp. 602-37. Dehradun, 1970.

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Ma ti pan* chen 'Jam dbyangs blo gros. Chos rje thams cad mkhyen pa nyid kyi rgyud sde dang lag len gyi bka' babs pa sa bzang ma ti pandi * tas mdzad pa'i blo gros seng ge'i dris lan. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 2, pp. 1075-85. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Chos rje thams cad mkhyen pa'i bstod pa nyid rgyud sde dang lag len gyi bka' babs sa bzang pan di tas mdzad pa. In The 'Dzam-thang Edition of the Collected Works (Gsung-'bum) of Kun-mkhyen Dol-po-pa Shes-rab rgyal-mtshan, vol. 7, pt. 2, pp. 1085-92. Delhi: Shedrup Books, 1992.

———. Byang chub seres dpa'i spyod pa la 'jug pa'i rnam bshad gzhung don rab gsal snang ba. Delhi: Tashi Dorje, 1975.

Mang thos klu sgrub rgya mtsho. Bstan rtsis gsal ba'i nyin byed lhag bsam rab dkar. Lhasa: Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang, 1987.

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Mi pham Rgya mtsho. Gzhan stong khas len seng ge'i nga ro. In The Collected Works of 'Jam mgon 'Ju Mi pham rgya mtsho, vol. 3, pp. 359-78. Gangtok: Sonata Topgay Kazi.

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Tshul khrims rin chen, Zhu chen. Kun mkhyen nyi ma'i gnyen gyi bka' lung gi dgongs don rnam par 'grel ba'i bstan bcos gangs can pa'i skad du 'gyur ro 'tshal gyi chos sbyin rgyun mi 'chad pa'i ngo mtshar 'phrul gyi phyi mo rdzogs ldan bskal pa'i bsod nams kyi sprin phung rgyas par dkrigs pa'i tshul las brtsams pa'i gtam ngo mtshar chu gter 'phel ba'i zla ba gsar pa . Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang, 1985·

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Tshe dbang nor bu, Kah* thog rig 'dzin. Ma bcos pa'i zog po sngags rig 'dzin pa tshe dbang nor bu rang nyid spyad rab chu klung las thig pa tsam kyu ru lugs su smos pa snyim pa'i chu skyes . In The Collected Works (Gsung 'bum) of Kah-thog* rig-'dzin chen-po Tshe-dbang nor-bu , vol. 1, pp. 561-612. Dalhousie: Damchoe Sangpo, 1976.

———. Lha rje mnyam med zla 'od gzhon nu'i bka' brgyud phyag chen gdams pa ji tsam nod pa'i rtogs brjod legs bshad rin chen 'byung khungs . In The Collected Works (Gsung 'bum) of Kah-thog * rig-'dzin chen-po Tshe-dbang nor-bu , vol. 2, pp. 155-243· Dalhousie: Damchoe Sangpo, 1976.

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Rang byung rdo rje, Karma pa. Bde bzhin bshegs pa'i snying po bstan pa zhes bya ba'i bstan bcos . Published together with the Zab mo nang don and the Rnam shes ye shes 'byed pa , fols. 35a-39a. Rumtek, 1970·

———. Zab mo nang gi don zhes bya ba'i gzhung . Published with the Bde bzhin bshegs pa'i snying po bstan pa and the Rnam shes ye shes 'byed pa , fols. 1a-32a. Rumtek, 1970.

———. Rang byung rdo rje'i mgur rnam . Tashigang, 1983·

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Index

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 == Part Two—Texts in Translation ==
+[[Image:107]]
 === Introduction to the Translation of A General Commentary on the Doctrine ===

The Buddha From Dolpo: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:04, 11 November 2005

Contents

List of Illustrations

Preface and Acknowledgments

Introduction

Part One—The Life and Teachings of the Omniscient Dolpopa

Chapter One—The Life of the Buddha from Dolpo

Childhood and Early Education

Studies at the Great Monastery of Sakya

The Move to Jonang

Raising Mt. Meru and Revealing the Zhentong View

The Initial Reception of the Zhentong Teachings

The New Jonang Translation of the Kalacakra* Tantra and the Vimalaprabha*

Years of Retreat and Teaching

Invitation to China by the Yüan Emperor Toghon Temür

Changes in the Jonang Leadership and the Beginning of the Journey to Lhasa

Teachings in Central Tibet and the Return to Tsang

The Aborted Meeting with Budön Rinchen Drup

The Last Months at Jonang

Chapter Two—A Historical Survey of the Zhentong Tradition in Tibet

The Zhentong Tradition in Tibet before Dolpopa

Dolpopa and the Zhentong View

The Zhentong Tradition after Dolpopa

Chapter Three—The Doctrine of the Buddha from Dolpo

Emptiness of Self-Nature and Emptiness of Other

A Redefinition of Cittamatra* and Madhyamaka

Two Approaches to Enlightenment

Part Two—Texts in Translation

Introduction to the Translation of A General Commentary on the Doctrine

The Supplication Entitled A General Commentary on the Doctrine

Introduction to the Translation of The Fourth Council

The Great Calculation of the Doctrine Which Has the Significance of a Fourth Council

Notes

Bibliography

European Language Sources

Tibetan and Sanskrit Sources

Index

Navigation menu

The Buddha From Dolpo: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:04, 11 November 2005

List of Illustrations

Preface and Acknowledgments

Introduction

Part One—The Life and Teachings of the Omniscient Dolpopa

Chapter One—The Life of the Buddha from Dolpo

Childhood and Early Education

Studies at the Great Monastery of Sakya

The Move to Jonang

Raising Mt. Meru and Revealing the Zhentong View

The Initial Reception of the Zhentong Teachings

The New Jonang Translation of the Kalacakra* Tantra and the Vimalaprabha*

Years of Retreat and Teaching

Invitation to China by the Yüan Emperor Toghon Temür

Changes in the Jonang Leadership and the Beginning of the Journey to Lhasa

Teachings in Central Tibet and the Return to Tsang

The Aborted Meeting with Budön Rinchen Drup

The Last Months at Jonang

Chapter Two—A Historical Survey of the Zhentong Tradition in Tibet

The Zhentong Tradition in Tibet before Dolpopa

Dolpopa and the Zhentong View

The Zhentong Tradition after Dolpopa

Chapter Three—The Doctrine of the Buddha from Dolpo

Emptiness of Self-Nature and Emptiness of Other

A Redefinition of Cittamatra* and Madhyamaka

Two Approaches to Enlightenment

Part Two—Texts in Translation

Introduction to the Translation of A General Commentary on the Doctrine

The Supplication Entitled A General Commentary on the Doctrine

Introduction to the Translation of The Fourth Council

The Great Calculation of the Doctrine Which Has the Significance of a Fourth Council

Notes

Bibliography

European Language Sources

Tibetan and Sanskrit Sources

Index

Navigation menu

Search